Friday, 7 March 2025

10th Biology Passing Package

       Passing Package      

       BIOLOGY       

          LIFE PROCESSES          


→ Autotrophic nutrition

★ organisms prepare their own food

★ Eg :- all green plants and some bacteria.

→ Heterotrophic nutrition 

★ organisms get their food directly or indirectly from plants.

★ Eg :- all animals, fungi and some bacteria.

→ Photosynthesis

Food preparation process in plants using CO2, water, sunlight and chlorophyll.

→ Steps of Photosynthesis:

(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

(ii) light energy → chemical energy and  water molecules → hydrogen and oxygen.

(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

→Aerobic respiration: 

★ Presence of oxygen 

★ More energy released 

★ Produce CO2 + H2O + Energy 

★ Ex: Plants and Animal 

→ Anaerobic respiration:

★ Absence of oxygen 

★ Less energy released

★ Produce Ethanol + CO2 + Energy 

★ Ex: Yeast

→ Glucose breakdown:


→ Alveoli:

Increase the surface area for gaseous exchange.

→ Stomach functions

★ Gastric glands release hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus. 

★ Hydrochloric acid helps in action of pepsin. 

★ Pepsin digests protein. 

→Small intestine functions 

★ Small intestine is the site of complete digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

★ Enzymes in the intestinal juice convert 

- proteins into amino acids, 

- carbohydrates into glucose  

- fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

★ Digested food is absorbed by the villi.

Villi: 

★ Finger-like projections called villi.

★ It absorb digested food.

→ Digestive enzymes

Amylase: Breakdown starch

Trypsin : Breakdown proteins

Lipase : Breakdown fats

Pepsin: Breakdown proteins

→ Double circulation 

Blood flow through heart twice.

Advantages:

★ Suply more oxygen to body tissue

★ Produce more energy  to maintain constant body temperature.

→Blood vessels:

Arteries

★ Carry oxygenated blood 

★ Thick wall

★ No valve

★ High blood pressure

➤ Veins

★ Carry deoxygenated blood 

★ Thin wall

★ Have valve

★ Low blood pressure

➤ Blood capillaries : 

★ Helps in exchange of materials between tissue and blood

→Nephron:

Structure:

Nephron contains glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tubule.

Functions:

★ Waste materials in the blood are filtered and collected by Bowman’s capsule.

★ Glucose, amino acids, salts and water, re-absorbed and urine flows along the tube.

→Xylem:

★ transport of materials takes place in Xylem tracheids and vessels.

★ Unidirectional movement

★ Transpiration creates suction pressure and creates a column of water. 

→ Phloem:

★ Transport food through Sieve tube and companion cells.

★ Bidirectional movement

★ it occur by Osmotic pressure.

Transpiration: process of removing excess of water from plant body.

Translocation: process of transport of food from leaves to other parts of plant.

Excretion in plants 

★ Excess of water removed by transpiration

★ Remove oxygen and carbon dioxide gases through stomata

★ Resins and gums get store in old xylem

        HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?       

→ Types of Asexual reproduction:

→ Binary fission:

Ex: Amoeba, Leishmania

→ Multiple fission:

Ex: Plasmodium

→ Fragmentation:

Ex: Spirogyra

→Regeneration:

Ex: Planaria

→ Budding:

Ex: Hydra

→ Spore Formation:

Ex: Rhizopus

→ Advantages of vegetative propagation:

★Early flowering and fruit formation.

★ To grow many plants like sugarcane, roses, or grapes.

★ Genetically similar plants produce.

→ Difference b/w Fragmentation and Regeneration 

FragmentationRegeneration
The organism breaks-up into smaller pieces upon maturation, each piece develops into new individual If organism is somehow cut or broken into many pieces, each piece grows into a complete organism
Ex: SpirogyraEx: Planaria

→ Sexual Reproduction in Plants 

→ Self pollination

Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of same flower.

→ Cross pollination:

Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of different flower.

→ Changes in flower after fertilization:

★ Zygote →Embryo 

★ Ovule → Seed

★ Ovary → Fruit 

→ Male reproductive parts functions 

★ Testis: Produce sperm and Testosterone hormone 

★ Vas deferens: Transfer of  sperm

★ Prostate and Seminal vesicles:  Secrets fluid which helps sperm movement and provide nutrition.

→ Female reproductive parts functions

★ Ovary: Produce egg and estrogen hormone 

★ Fallopian tube: transfer egg

★ Uterus: embryo development

→Placenta 

★ Transfer oxygen and food from mother to embryo 

★ Transfer waste form embryo to mother.

→ Menstruation cycle 

★ Every month the uterus wall becomes thick and spongy.

★ If the egg is not fertilized, it breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous.

→ Contraceptive methods

★ Barrier method: Condoms, Diaphragm 

★ Physical method: Copper T

★ Chemical method: Oral pills, Vaginal Pills

★ Surgical method: Tubectomy(female), Vasectomy(Male)

→ Sexual transmitted disease:

★ Virus: AIDS and Warts

★ Bacteria : Gonorrhoea and Syphilis

______________________________________________

       CONTROL AND COORDINATION       

Reflex action:

★ Sudden response to stimulus.

★ Centre of reflex action is spinal cord

→Reflex arc:

★ Path of reflex action 

★ Stimulus →Receptor →Spinal card→ Motor neuron→ effector 

→ Neuron:

Structural and functional unit of nervous system.

Path of the movement of nerve impulses:

Dendrites → Cell body → Axon  → Nerve ending

→ Synapse:

Gap between two neurons

→ Receptors

Photoreceptors in the eyes to detect light.

Phonoreceptors in the ears to detect sound.

Olfactory receptors in the nose to detect smell.

Gustatory receptors in the tongue to detect taste.

Tangoreceptors in the skin to detect touch.

→Brain parts function 

Cerebrum: controls touch, smell, hearing, taste

Medulla: controls heart beat, blood pressure, coughing, swallowing, vomiting

Cerebellum: controls Body movement, balancing

→Plant Hormones

Plant hormones are chemical substance which control and coordinate the plant bady.

★Auxins: Cell elongation 

Gibberillins:  Growth of stem

Cytokinin: Cell division 

Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth

Ethylene: Flowering and ripening of fruits 

→ Auxins promote the growth of tendrils of climbing plants around a support

★ When tendrils come in contact with any support, auxins diffuse to the part of tendril which is away from the support. 

★ Due to this, tendril grow faster than the part of tendril near to the support and causes the tendril to circle around the support. 

→Tropic movement:

Phototropism: Plant growth response to light.

    Ex: Growth of Shoot towards light 

Geotropism: Plant growth response to gravity.

Positive geotropism

   Ex: Growth of root 

➤ Negative geotropism

Ex: Growth of shoot

Hydrotropism:  Plant growth response to water.

   Ex: Growth of root towards water 

Chemotropism: Plant growth response to chemical.

   Ex: growth of pollen tube towards ovule

→ Non - Tropic movement in touch me not plant

★ Information of touch is conveyed from cell to cell through electrical chemical means. 

★ As a result, plant cells change shape by changing amount of water in them. This causes the movement in plant. 

→ Endocrine glands in Human being:

Pituitary gland - Growth hormone - controls body growth 

Thyroid gland - Thyroxin - regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism

Pancreas - Insulin - regulates blood sugar level

Adrenal gland - Adrenaline - Controls blood pressure and heart beat

Testis - Testosterone - controls sperm production 

Ovary - Estrogen - Controls egg production 

            OUR ENVIRONMENT        

→ Food Chain:

Flow of food energy from one organism to the next

Ex: 

★ Grass → Deer → Lion 

★ Grass → Insect → frog → snake 

Food web

Group of several interconnected food chains. 

→ Trophic level

Steps of food chain where energy is transfer.

→ 10% law

Energy transfer decrease at every trophic level by 10%.

→ Ozone layer 

ozone is a O3 molecules.

Formation:


Function:

Protect the earth from UV radiation.
























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